Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
also known as Mycobacterium avium complex causes pulmonary infections in
immune compromised patients. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) consists
of two species: M. avium and M. intracellulare. As these species are
difficult to differentiate, they are collectively referred to as
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. MAC is the most common infection
caused due to nontuberculous mycobacterium in acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections
are rarely found in immunocompetent individuals. According to Medscape,
M. intracellulare accounts for 40% of infections in immunocompetent
patients with underlying lung diseases. Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare is ubiquitous and has been isolated from various
samples such as household hot water systems, dust, soil, cigarette
filters and others. This ubiquitous nature has been responsible for
higher rate of infections in immunocompromised patients and patients
with lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), pulmonary malignancy, and cystic fibrosis. Literature suggests
that individuals acquire the infections via inhalation or through the
gastrointestinal tract by ingestion of food contaminated with the
bacterium. The infection may also lead to lymphadenitis in children aged
1 to 4 years of age. Commonly affected lymphnodes include
submandibular, parotid, postauricular.submaxillary, and preauricular.
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Common symptoms for Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare are cough, excessive sputum production, dysponea,
fever with night sweat, fatigue and weight loss. Diagnosis is confirmed
through acid fast staining of sputum samples. Various publications
report that Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is resistant to
antibiotics and antituberculosis drugs. Currently, following antibiotics
have been prescribed for treatment of MAC infections:
- Aminoglycosides (amikacin and streptomycin)
- Clofazimine
- Ethambutol
- Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin)
- Macrolides (clarithromycin, and azithromycin)
- Rifamycins (rifampin, and rifabutin)
Pulmonary Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare infection in patients with lung disease can be
treated by surgical excision of pulmonary nodules. Surgeons also
advocate that lobectomy has been effective in treating extensive lung
infection in patients with antibiotic resistance.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
lymphadenitis in children is mostly treated by surgical excision of
affected lymph nodes. Several of the above mentioned drugs are on WHO’s
list of essential medicines.
Although various drugs are available
for treatment of the infection, weak research pipeline has posed a
threat to the market. Higher prevalence of infectious diseases exists in
low and middle income countries. According to World Health Organization
(WHO), more than 95% of HIV infected individuals live in developing
countries; sub-Saharan region contributes over 25 million HIV infected
people while Asia-Pacific contributes 7 million HIV patients. In the
U.S. and U.K. however over 1 million individuals suffer from AIDS.
Pulmonary diseases are also major predisposing factors for Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare infections. WHO estimates that over 60 million
individuals globally have been known to suffer from moderate to severe
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is predicted that over
90% of COPD deaths occur in low and middle income countries.
The statistics also forecast that COPD
is expected to become third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030.
According to statistics published by World Health Organization, lung
cancer accounts for over 1.5 million deaths globally. Majority of these
mortalities are accounted to developing countries. These statistics
suggest that chances of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections
are higher in developing countries. Low awareness of disease and related
medical treatment, poor reimbursements and financial inability are
major restraints impeding market growth in developing countries. In
addition, rapidly developing healthcare sector and increasing per capita
income in countries such as India, China, and Brazil have created a
profitable market in these courtiers. Rapid diagnosing techniques such
as dipsticks will help accumulate accurate perspective of the disease
and the population it affects in developing countries. Due to low
sanitation in many regions, incidence recorded may well be below the
actual number.
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This research report analyzes this
market on the basis of its market segments, major geographies, and
current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report
include :
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Europe
- Rest of the World
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- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for upcoming years
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